Álvaro Obregón defeats Francisco Villa in the first and second battles of Celaya.

Constitutionalist Army under Álvaro Obregón defeats Francisco Villa at Silao and at León.

Federal agents of the United States arrest Victoriano Huerta and Pascual Orozco close to El Paso, Texas, and confine them at Fort Bliss.

General Porfirio Díaz dies of natural causes in Paris, France.

The Convention and reigning government withdraw from Mexico City and reestablish themselves in Toluca; on the following day the capital is occupied by the Constitutionalist Army.

Constitutionalist Army under Obregón occupies various cities including Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Zacatecas, and Querétaro.

Carranza and his government move from Veracruz and are installed in Mexico City.

Constitutionalist Army captures Toluca.

Carranza government recognized by the United States, Argentina, Bolivia, Guatemala, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Costa Rica, and El Salvador.

Woodrow Wilson imposes an embargo on weapons destined for Mexico except for those intended for the recognized government of Carranza.

Villa is defeated or chased out of various cities of Sonora including Agua Prieta, Hermosillo, and San Jacinto.

Constitutionalist Army occupies Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua city.

Villa executes 15 Americans in his assault on San Isabel, Chihuahua. Carranza decrees Villa an outlaw.

Victoriano Huerta dies in El Paso, Texas, from an illness he contracted in prison.

Francisco Villa assaults Columbus, New Mexico. Fourteen Americans (half of them civilians) are killed.

John J. Pershing’s Punitive Expedition enters Mexico to hunt down Francisco Villa. George S. Patton serves under Pershing in this action as a young officer.

Constitutionalist Army captures and occupies Cuernavaca in the heart of Zapatista country.

Punitive Expedition defeated by Mexican troops in Carrizal, Chihuahua, with 50 dead and 22 taken prisoner.

Meetings in Atlantic City, New Jersey, between Mexico and the United States concerning the Punitive Expedition conclude with a resolution that the expedition will withdraw immediately and unconditionally.

Last elements of the Punitive Expedition return to Columbus, New Mexico.

The Cámara de Diputados convened by the Carranza regime declares him constitutional president of Mexico for the period from 1 December 1916 through 20 November 1920.

Elections of diputados and senators to the 28th Congress of the Union.

Congress opens. Congress is informed that constitutional order has not yet been established in the states of Chihuahua, Chiapas, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, or Morelos.